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late capitalism
"Late capitalism" is a term used by neo-Marxists to refer to capitalism from about 1945 onwards, with the implication that it is a historically limited stage rather than an eternal feature of all future human society. This period includes the era termed the golden age of capitalism.
The American literary critic and cultural theorist, Frederic Jameson, considered Rudolf Hilferding's term ''latest capitalism'' (''jüngster Kapitalismus'') a more prudent and less prophetic-seeming one than ''late capitalism''.〔M. Hardt/K. Weeks eds., ''The Jameson Reader'' (2000) p. 257〕 French philosopher Jacques Derrida favoured ''neo-capitalism'' over ''post-'' or ''late-capitalism''.〔Catherine Malabou/Jacques Derrida, ''Counterpath'' (2004) p. 114-5〕
==Origin of the term==
The term "late capitalism" was first used by Werner Sombart in his 1902 magnum opus ''Der Moderne Kapitalismus''; Sombart distinguished between early capitalism, the heyday of capitalism and late capitalism. The term began to be used by socialists in Europe towards the end of the 1930s and in the 1940s, when many economists believed capitalism was doomed. 〔See, for example, Natalie Moszkowska's (Dynamik des Spätkapitalismus'' ). Zurich: Verlag Der Aufbruch, 1943.〕 At the end of World War II, many economists including Joseph Schumpeter and Paul Samuelson believed the end of capitalism could well be nigh, in that the economic problems might be insurmountable.〔Philip Armstrong, Andrew Glyn and John Harrison, ''Capitalism Since World War II: The Making and Breakup of the Great Boom.'' Fontana, 1984, chapter 1.〕
The term was used in the 1960s particularly in Germany and Austria, among others by Western Marxists writing in the tradition of the Frankfurt School and Austromarxism. Postwar German sociologists needed a term to describe contemporary society. Theodor Adorno preferred "late capitalism" over "industrial society," which was the theme of the 16th Congress of German Sociologists in 1968.〔Theodor W. Adorno (ed.) ''Spätkapitalismus oder Industriegesellschaft. Verhandlungen des 16. Deutschen Soziologentages.'' Stuttgart, 1969.〕 In 1971, Leo Kofler published a book called ''Technologische Rationalität im Spätkapitalismus'' (technological rationality in late capitalism). And in 1973, Jürgen Habermas published his ''Legitimationsprobleme im Spätkapitalismus'' (Legitimacy problems in late capitalism). 〔Jürgen Habermas, ''Legitimationsprobleme im Spätkapitalismus'' Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1973.〕
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